Ludwig Boltzmann, James Clerk Maxwell, and others are known for formulating the laws of thermodynamics. These laws describe the fundamental principles governing energy interactions and transformations in physical systems. The first law addresses the conservation of energy, while the second law introduces the concept of entropy, establishing the direction of energy dispersal. Through their contributions, these scientists laid the foundation for modern physics and engineering, influencing countless fields, including chemistry, astrophysics, and information theory.