Malcolm X's speeches and writings primarily focused on black empowerment, self-determination, and the need for racial justice. He was a powerful advocate for the rights of African Americans, challenging systemic oppression and advocating for armed self-defense against violence. Through his affiliation with the Nation of Islam and later as an independent figure, he criticized passive approaches to civil rights. His emphasis on the importance of education, economic independence, and Pan-Africanism continues to resonate today, making him a vital voice in the struggle for equality.