The last czar of Russia before the revolution was Nicholas II. His reign, marked by political turmoil and social unrest, culminated in the Russian Revolution of 1917, which led to the abdication of the throne. Nicholas II struggled to maintain control over a rapidly changing society, facing significant challenges including military defeats in World War I, widespread poverty, and calls for reform. His inability to effectively address these issues contributed to the collapse of the Russian monarchy and the eventual rise of the Bolsheviks, profoundly reshaping world history.