The Russian Tsar during the time of the October Revolution was Nicholas II. His reign saw significant political unrest and social upheaval, culminating in the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, which led to the end of the Romanov dynasty. Nicholas II's inability to address the demands for reform and his poor handling of military situations contributed to widespread discontent among the Russian people. His abdication marked a pivotal moment in Russian history, leading to the establishment of a communist regime.