Current and historical case studies can strengthen essay responses in UPSC by providing real-world examples that support arguments. Integrating relevant case studies showcases a candidate's ability to apply theoretical knowledge in practical scenarios, enhancing depth and authenticity. Furthermore, these examples can illustrate complex social, economic, and political issues effectively, making essays more engaging and persuasive. A well-chosen case study can also reveal insights into the efficacy of policies and the impact of governance decisions.