Contemporary health issues critical for the UPSC examination include topics such as mental health, communicable diseases, and nutrition. Understanding the implications of healthcare policies, public health challenges, and initiatives like the Ayushman Bharat scheme is vital. Additionally, awareness of pandemics and their socio-economic impacts enhances candidates' grasp of current affairs. Candidates should also explore issues like healthcare accessibility and environmental impacts on health, as these topics frequently emerge in discussions and exams, reflecting the intersectionality of health with governance.