The subjects for the General Studies papers in the UPSC Mains include a broad range of topics, typically divided into four papers: General Studies Paper I (Indian Heritage and Culture, History), General Studies Paper II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice), General Studies Paper III (Technology, Economic Development, Environmental issues, Security), and General Studies Paper IV (Ethics, Integrity, and Aptitude). These papers assess candidates' knowledge, understanding, and analytical abilities regarding various societal and governmental aspects crucial for civil services.