Methodologies like active learning, spaced repetition, and practice testing reinforce subject comprehension for UPSC topics. Active learning promotes engagement through discussions, teaching others, or applying concepts in practical scenarios. Spaced repetition involves revisiting material over increasing intervals, enhancing memory retention. Regularly taking mock tests aids in familiarizing candidates with exam formats and time management. Combining these methodologies fosters deeper understanding and retention of concepts, allowing aspirants to navigate the UPSC syllabus effectively and confidently.