The term for the study of ancient civilizations is "archaeology." This scientific discipline involves the excavation and analysis of artifacts, structures, and other physical remains of past societies to understand their cultures, beliefs, and daily lives. Archaeologists employ various techniques, such as carbon dating, to determine the age of finds and contextualize them within historical timelines. By examining everything from pottery and tools to monumental architecture, archaeology provides valuable insights into human history and prehistory, helping to reconstruct how ancient peoples lived, interacted, and evolved over time.