Sir Isaac Newton is the scientist known for the laws of motion and universal gravitation. His groundbreaking work laid the foundation for classical mechanics and fundamentally changed our understanding of physics. Newton's three laws of motion describe the relationship between an object’s motion and the forces acting upon it, while his law of universal gravitation explains the attractive force between masses. His major work, "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy," published in 1687, not only established these principles but also introduced calculus, significantly advancing the fields of mathematics and science. Newton's legacy continues to influence modern science.