The volcano that erupted in 79 AD and destroyed Pompeii is Mount Vesuvius. This catastrophic eruption is one of the most well-known in history, burying the Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum under a thick layer of volcanic ash and pumice. The sudden eruption preserved many buildings, artifacts, and even the remains of victims, providing valuable insights into Roman life. Mount Vesuvius remains an active volcano and is closely monitored for potential future eruptions.