Charles Darwin is famously known for the theory of evolution, which he proposed in his groundbreaking 1859 work, "On the Origin of Species." Darwin's theory introduced the concept of natural selection, suggesting that species evolve over time through the survival and reproduction of individuals with favorable traits. This work revolutionized the biological sciences by providing a scientific explanation for the diversity of life on Earth. The implications of his theory extend beyond biology, influencing various fields, including psychology, sociology, and philosophy. Despite facing initial controversy, Darwin's ideas have since become foundational to modern evolutionary biology.