The term for the layer of gases surrounding the Earth is the atmosphere. This essential layer comprises several gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and trace amounts of other gases. The atmosphere plays a crucial role in supporting life by providing breathable air, regulating temperature through the greenhouse effect, and protecting the Earth from harmful solar radiation. It is divided into several layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere, each with distinct characteristics and functions vital for sustaining life.