Cardiovascular fitness is typically measured through a variety of tests assessing the efficiency of the heart and lungs during physical activity. One common method is the VO2 max test, which measures the maximum amount of oxygen the body can utilize during intense exercise. Other assessments include the submaximal test, where heart rate responses are monitored during exercise to estimate fitness levels. The 1.5 mile run or 3-minute step test are additional practical methods that evaluate how well the cardiovascular system responds to workload. Regular assessments can help track fitness improvements.