The Black Death, which swept through Europe in the 14th century, had profound effects on society. It is estimated that approximately one-third of Europe's population perished from this catastrophic plague. The massive loss of life resulted in labor shortages, which forced feudal lords to offer better wages and working conditions to laborers, contributing to the decline of the feudal system and the rise of a more market-oriented economy. Additionally, the widespread mortality led to social upheaval, questioning of religious authority, and shifts in cultural expression, ultimately paving the way for the Renaissance.