The ancient civilization celebrated for its monumental architecture and complex society is the Maya civilization. Flourishing from around 2000 BCE to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century, the Maya developed advanced agricultural techniques, a sophisticated writing system, and intricate calendar systems. Renowned for their impressive architectural feats, the Maya built grand cities adorned with pyramids, temples, and palaces, such as Tikal and Chichen Itza. They also made significant contributions to mathematics and astronomy. The decline of the Maya civilization remains a topic of scholarly debate, but its achievements in art, culture, and governance continue to captivate historians and archaeologists.