The ancient civilization known for their astronomical calendars and observations is the Maya. Flourishing in Mesoamerica from circa 2000 BC to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the Maya developed advanced knowledge in astronomy, mathematics, and writing. They created detailed calendars, including the Tzolk'in and Haab', which accurately tracked celestial events and agricultural cycles. Their observations of the stars and planets allowed them to predict solar and lunar eclipses. The Maya civilization's achievements in astronomy were integral to their culture and religious practices, reflecting their deep connection to the cosmos.