The ancient Mayan civilization is recognized for its advanced astronomy and calendar systems. Flourishing in Mesoamerica from around 250 to 900 AD, the Maya developed a complex understanding of celestial movements and created detailed calendars that included a 365-day solar calendar and a 260-day ritual calendar. Their astronomical observations allowed for accurate predictions of solar and lunar eclipses, as well as seasonal cycles for agriculture. The Mayan calendar is also famous for its Long Count, used to track historical events. Their advancements in mathematics, writing, and architecture, combined with their astronomical expertise, underline the sophistication of Mayan civilization.