The city-states that were prominent during the Golden Age of Ancient Greece included Athens and Sparta. Athens was known for its development of democracy, philosophy, and the arts, boasting notable figures like Socrates, Plato, and Pericles. Meanwhile, Sparta was renowned for its military discipline and harsh lifestyle, with a social structure focused on training warriors. The rivalry between these city-states shaped Greek politics, culture, and military strategies. They contributed significantly to the cultural and intellectual achievements that characterized this period, including advancements in drama, sculpture, and science.