The ancient Mesopotamian civilization primarily centered around the city of Babylon, which became a major political and cultural hub. Located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, it served as the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and was known for its advancements in writing, law, and architecture. Other important cities included Ur and Nineveh; however, Babylon is often recognized for its contributions, especially during the reign of King Hammurabi, who codified one of the earliest legal systems. Babylon's influence extended through trade, agriculture, and religion, shaping the broader region's cultures.