The ancient civilization known for its exploration of astronomy and mathematics is the Mesopotamians, particularly the Babylonians. They developed a system of base-60 mathematics, which still influences the way we measure time and angles today. Their contributions to astronomy included detailed records of celestial observations, leading to the creation of calendars and advancements in predicting planetary movements. The construction of ziggurats also indicates their sophisticated understanding of geometry and architecture. Overall, the Mesopotamians laid foundational knowledge that influenced later cultures and scientific advancements in the fields of mathematics and astronomy.