The Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 to 750 CE, had a profound impact on the spread of Islam. It significantly expanded territorial control, reaching from Spain in the west to India in the east, facilitating the dissemination of Islamic culture, language, and religious practices. The Umayyads implemented administrative structures that integrated diverse populations into a cohesive empire, promoting trade and cultural exchanges. Additionally, the era saw the foundational development of Islamic arts and sciences, establishing a legacy that influenced not only the Islamic world but also Europe and beyond.