The empire known for its advancements in mathematics and medicine during the Middle Ages was the Islamic Caliphate. Under leaders like the Umayyads and Abbasids, the Islamic world became a center for learning and culture, with cities like Baghdad and Cordoba flourishing as intellectual hubs. Scholars such as Al-Khwarizmi and Avicenna made significant contributions to mathematics and medicine, including the development of algebra and foundational medical texts. Their work preserved and expanded upon earlier knowledge, influencing both the Islamic and European scientific communities.