The Age of Exploration significantly impacted indigenous cultures through colonization, disease, and cultural exchanges. European explorers and settlers introduced new technologies and livestock, transforming indigenous economies and lifestyles. However, they also brought devastating diseases, such as smallpox, which decimated native populations. The resulting disruption often led to the loss of traditional practices and land. Furthermore, cultural assimilation and forced conversions to Christianity changed social structures and belief systems among indigenous peoples, resulting in lasting effects on their identities and autonomy.