The pivotal interaction that marked the beginning of the Modern Age in terms of global trade routes was the Age of Exploration, which began in the late 15th century. Notable figures like Christopher Columbus and Vasco da Gama opened new maritime routes connecting Europe with the Americas and Asia. This period greatly expanded global trade, facilitated the exchange of goods, cultures, and ideas, and led to the establishment of colonial empires. It also gave rise to significant shifts in economic power and social structures, as well as introduced the concept of globalization.