The Industrial Revolution prompted significant structural reforms in economies, transitioning from agrarian-based systems to industrialized and urbanized societies. This shift involved the rise of factories, mechanization, and mass production, leading to increased productivity and economic growth. Labor laws were introduced, addressing workers' rights and conditions, while social changes saw the emergence of the working and middle classes. The introduction of banking and finance innovations, alongside technological advancements like the steam engine, facilitated capital investment. These reforms laid the groundwork for modern capitalism and set the stage for contemporary economic structures, shaping the global economy's trajectory.