The term "Cold War" refers to the prolonged period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the Western powers, primarily the United States, from the end of World War II until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. The "war" was characterized by political rivalry, military buildups, and ideological conflict, including communism versus capitalism. Though it did not result in direct military confrontation between the superpowers, it led to proxy wars, nuclear arms races, the space race, and massive political propaganda campaigns. The Cold War significantly shaped international relations and influenced global politics throughout the second half of the 20th century.