The historical context of the Reformation in Europe during the 16th century was marked by widespread discontent with the Catholic Church’s practices, such as the sale of indulgences and perceived corruption among clergy. Influenced by Renaissance humanism, ideas about individual interpretation of the Bible and direct relationships with God gained traction. Figures like Martin Luther challenged Church doctrines, leading to the formation of Protestantism. This movement not only reshaped religious practices but also instigated significant political, social, and cultural changes across Europe, contributing to the rise of nation-states and altering power dynamics between church and state.