The Industrial Revolution had a profound impact on urban populations, leading to significant demographic shifts. As industries grew, people migrated from rural areas to cities in search of better job opportunities, causing urban centers to expand rapidly. This urbanization resulted in crowded living conditions, often characterized by poor sanitation and inadequate housing. While cities became hubs of economic activity and innovation, they also faced challenges, including social inequality, labor exploitation, and health crises. Over time, these growing urban populations influenced social reforms and brought about changes in living standards and labor rights.