The main aim of nationalist movements across Europe in the 19th century was to achieve national sovereignty and independence for various ethnic and cultural groups. As political and social changes swept the continent, nationalists sought to unify people sharing common language, culture, and history under a single nation-state. Movements emerged in places like Italy and Germany, pushing back against foreign rule and advocating for self-determination. In addition to unification, these movements often aimed to instill national pride and identity, leading to the eventual establishment of unified nations. The rise of nationalism played a crucial role in shaping modern political boundaries.