The main effect of the Industrial Revolution on society was the transformation of economies from agrarian-based to industrial and urban systems. Beginning in the late 18th century, this period saw a shift to factory production, which drastically altered labor systems, societal structures, and living conditions. People migrated to cities for work, leading to urbanization and the growth of a working-class population. While the Industrial Revolution spurred economic growth, it also resulted in challenges such as poor working conditions, child labor, and environmental degradation. Over time, these challenges prompted social reforms and the establishment of labor rights, shaping modern societies.