The major change brought about by the Industrial Revolution was the transition from agrarian societies to industrialized and urban economies. Beginning in the late 18th century, this revolution introduced mechanization, leading to mass production and increased efficiency in manufacturing processes. Innovations such as the steam engine and textile machinery transformed industries, enabling the rise of factories and urbanization as people moved to cities for work. The Industrial Revolution reshaped labor, creating new job opportunities while also leading to harsh working conditions for many workers. It triggered significant social changes, including shifts in class structures, lifestyles, and the eventual emergence of labor rights movements.