The European colonization of the Americas had devastating consequences for Indigenous peoples, leading to dramatic declines in population, loss of land, and cultural disruption. European diseases, to which Indigenous peoples had no immunity, decimated communities, while violent conquests and systematic displacement further diminished their numbers. Colonization imposed new social and political structures that disregarded Indigenous sovereignty. The colonizers’ agricultural and economic practices disrupted traditional lifestyles, leading to assimilation pressures and cultural erasure. Despite these tragedies, Indigenous communities demonstrated resilience and adaptability, continuing to fight for their rights and cultural preservation in the face of ongoing challenges from colonization and modernity.