The role of the Catholic Church during the Reformation was complex, as the Church faced significant internal challenges and widespread criticism from reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin. Initially, the Church attempted to maintain authority and integrity by denouncing these reformist ideas and reinforcing traditional practices. However, as the Reformation gained momentum, the Church initiated its own reforms through the Counter-Reformation, culminating in the Council of Trent. This movement sought to address corruption, reaffirm Catholic doctrines, and curb Protestantism's spread. The Church became a central figure in theological debates, political conflicts, and the reshaping of European society during this transformative period.