The ancient civilization known for its remarkable advancements in mathematics and philosophy is the Greek civilization. Flourishing from the 8th century BCE to around 600 CE, ancient Greece made significant contributions in various fields, particularly in mathematics through figures like Euclid and Pythagoras, who laid foundational principles still used today. In philosophy, thinkers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle explored fundamental questions of existence, ethics, and knowledge, influencing Western thought profoundly. Their exploration of logic and deductive reasoning established frameworks that continue to underpin modern scientific and philosophical inquiry.