The primary consequence of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, was the formal end of World War I and the imposition of punitive measures on Germany and its allies. The treaty placed heavy reparations on Germany, reducing its territory and limiting its military capabilities. This created widespread resentment among the German population and contributed to economic hardships. The treaty redrew national boundaries in Europe and the Middle East, leading to the creation of new nations and increased tensions in the region. Moreover, the harsh terms and perceived injustices foreshadowed the rise of extremism in Germany, culminating in World War II.