Feudalism was the predominant social and economic system in medieval Europe. This hierarchical system was characterized by a structure of land ownership and obligations, where kings granted land to nobles (lords) in exchange for military service, while peasants (serfs) worked the land in return for protection and a place to live. Feudalism fundamentally shaped medieval society, creating a rigid class system and establishing local governance. Lords had power over their vassals, and loyalty was paramount. While providing a measure of stability during tumultuous times, feudalism also limited social mobility and fostered a dependence on land-based economics.