The key figures responsible for the founding of the Italian Republic in 1946 included Alcide De Gasperi and other members of the Christian Democracy party. Following World War II, Italians voted to abolish the monarchy and establish a republic, emphasizing democratic governance and national reconstruction. De Gasperi became the first Prime Minister of the Republic, playing a crucial role in rebuilding Italy, promoting economic reforms, and integrating Italy into European structures like the European Economic Community.