Who were the main parties involved in the Thirty Years' War? 🔊
The main parties involved in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) were the Catholic Habsburgs and their allies, primarily Spain and various German states, versus Protestant factions, including Denmark, Sweden, and various German princes. This conflict was sparked by religious tensions between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire and escalated into a broader geopolitical struggle involving European powers. The war's devastation led to immense loss of life and economic disruption, particularly in the German states, and ultimately resulted in significant political changes through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, establishing principles of state sovereignty and religious coexistence.
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