The primary elements of a hero's journey in mythology include several key stages: the call to adventure, where the hero is invited into a new realm; the mentor figure, who provides guidance; numerous challenges that test the hero’s resolve; and the climax and transformation, leading to ultimate success or failure. These elements reflect universal themes of growth, courage, and the struggle against adversity. Ultimately, the hero's journey illustrates the depth of human experience and serves to inspire future generations through storytelling.