The significant item that Odysseus received from the goddess Athena to aid his journey was a divine shield or armor. Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warfare, offered Odysseus guidance and protection throughout his epic journey, which is chronicled in the Odyssey. The armor symbolized not only physical protection but also divine support and strategic advantage in overcoming challenges. Athena's involvement reinforced themes of wisdom and cunning, highlighting the idea that true strength lies not just in physical might but in intelligence and resourcefulness as well.