The primary gods associated with the Greek pantheon include Zeus, the king of the gods; Hera, queen and goddess of marriage; Poseidon, god of the sea; and Athena, goddess of wisdom. Other significant figures include Apollo, god of the sun; Aphrodite, goddess of love; and Hades, ruler of the underworld. These deities embody various aspects of human experience, influencing both nature and society, and reflect the complexities and struggles of life in ancient Greek culture.