The primary responsibilities of a head of state include representing the nation, performing diplomatic duties, and ensuring the government runs effectively. A head of state often participates in the legislative process, signs laws, and may have a role in appointing judges and other officials. They also symbolize national unity and continuity, often engaging in ceremonial duties and promoting national values. In parliamentary systems, this role may be largely symbolic, while in presidential systems, the head of state often holds significant executive power.