The First Amendment guarantees several fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, the right to assemble, and the right to petition the government. These protections are essential for a functioning democracy, allowing individuals to express their opinions, hold the government accountable, and practice their beliefs without fear of retribution. The First Amendment's safeguards are critical to fostering an open and diverse society where different views can coexist and be debated.