Hard power and soft power represent two different approaches to international relations. Hard power involves coercive tactics such as military intervention or economic sanctions to influence the actions of other states. In contrast, soft power is about attracting and co-opting others through culture, values, and policies rather than coercion. The concept of soft power, coined by Joseph Nye, emphasizes diplomacy, cooperation, and the importance of positive international relationships. Both forms can be effective in achieving political goals, often complementing each other.