Austerity measures typically involve budget cuts and spending reductions implemented by governments in response to economic crises. These measures can significantly impact social welfare programs, leading to reduced funding for healthcare, education, and social services. While proponents argue that austerity is necessary for fiscal stability, critics contend that such policies disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, exacerbating inequality and limiting access to essential services. The long-term consequences of austerity can hinder economic recovery, as reduced public investment can lead to stagnation and weaken the overall social safety net.