The landmark U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review is Marbury v. Madison (1803). This decision, authored by Chief Justice John Marshall, asserted the judiciary's role in reviewing and potentially invalidating legislative and executive actions that conflict with the Constitution. This landmark ruling solidified the judiciary's power and ensured a system of checks and balances among branches of government. Judicial review remains a fundamental aspect of the U.S. legal system, providing a mechanism for protecting constitutional rights and maintaining the rule of law.