A science experiment designed to test a hypothesis is known as a controlled experiment. This setup typically involves manipulating one or more variables while keeping others constant to observe the effect of the manipulation. The experimenter formulates a clear hypothesis predicting an outcome based on theoretical frameworks. Data is collected during the experiment, which is then analyzed to either support or refute the hypothesis. This empirical approach is fundamental for scientific inquiry, enabling reproducibility and validation of results within the broader context of scientific knowledge.