The mechanism of action of antibiotics involves targeting specific bacterial processes or structures to inhibit their growth or kill them. Common mechanisms include interfering with cell wall synthesis, disrupting protein synthesis, or inhibiting nucleic acid replication. For example, penicillin inhibits the formation of bacterial cell walls, leading to cell lysis. By specifically targeting bacteria without affecting human cells, antibiotics can effectively treat bacterial infections while minimizing side effects. However, misuse can lead to antibiotic resistance.