The process of chromosome duplication before cell division is called DNA replication. This process ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes. During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds, and each strand serves as a template for creating a new complementary strand, facilitated by enzymes such as DNA polymerase. The accuracy of this process is crucial for maintaining genetic stability and preventing mutations in the offspring, which is essential for proper cell function and organismal development.